Inflammation, Immune Activation, and Airway Physiology

Intermittent hypoxia can drive oxidative stress and systemic inflammation—linking airway dysfunction to broader chronic disease pathways.

  • Systemic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

    Ryan S, Taylor CT, McNicholas WT.

    Demonstrates that intermittent hypoxia in OSA drives systemic inflammation and oxidative stress independent of obesity.

    [Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (2009)]

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  • Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: From Pathophysiology to Practice.

    Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK.

    Foundational review linking chronic inflammation to vascular disease, relevant to hypoxia-driven inflammatory pathways in sleep-disordered breathing.

    [Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2009)]

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  • Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Endothelial Dysfunction in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

    Lavie L.

    Explains how repetitive hypoxia–reoxygenation cycles activate inflammatory cascades and endothelial injury.

    [Frontiers in Bioscience (2012)]

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  • Elevated C-Reactive Protein in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

    Shamsuzzaman ASM, Winnicki M, Lanfranchi P, et al.

    Demonstrates elevated CRP levels in OSA, linking airway obstruction to systemic inflammatory burden.

    [Circulation (2002)]

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  • Soluble Interleukin-6 Receptor and Risk of Sleep-Disordered Breathing.

    Mehra R, Storfer-Isser A, Kirchner HL, et al.

    Shows inflammatory cytokine signaling abnormalities associated with sleep-disordered breathing severity.

    [American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)]

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  • Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Serum Inflammatory Markers in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

    Minoguchi K, Yokoe T, Tazaki T, et al.

    Links inflammatory markers with vascular injury in OSA patients.

    [American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)]

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  • Obesity, Inflammation, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children.

    Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D.

    Demonstrates inflammatory activation in pediatric OSA independent of obesity alone.

    [Journal of Applied Physiology (2008)]

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  • Intermittent Hypoxia Induces Inflammation and Immune Dysregulation.

    Almendros I, Wang Y, Becker L, et al.

    Animal and translational evidence showing hypoxia-driven immune activation relevant to human OSA.

    [American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology (2014)]

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  • Sleep Apnea as an Independent Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease: Current Evidence.

    McNicholas WT, Bonsigore MR.

    Positions inflammation as a key mechanistic bridge between airway obstruction and systemic disease.

    [European Respiratory Journal (2007)]

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  • Sleep and Inflammation: Partners in Sickness and in Health.

    Irwin MR.

    Reviews bidirectional relationships between sleep disruption, immune activation, and chronic disease.

    [Nature Reviews Immunology (2019)]

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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19960643/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19179219/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22201838/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11867873/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709936/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15653970/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18239071/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24337494/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17537765/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31594935/