Orthodontics

Airway-informed orthodontics connects growth, facial development, and breathing mechanics to long-term function and stability.

  • Primate Experiments on Oral Respiration.

    Harvold EP, Vargervik K, Chierici G.

    Classic animal model demonstrating that forced nasal obstruction during growth produces predictable craniofacial changes, establishing airway function as a primary driver of dentofacial development rather than a secondary habit.

    [American Journal of Orthodontics]

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  • Airway from an Orthodontic Perspective.

    Syal S, Morekonda GN, Srinivasan D, Chakravarthi S, Kannan R, et al.

    Summarizes how craniofacial anatomy and airway resistance intersect, emphasizing airway collapse risk as an orthodontic consideration.

    [Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research]

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  • Assessment of the Effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion on Nasal Respiratory Function and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children.

    Inchingolo A, Marinelli G, Cavino M, et al.

    Systematic review showing that rapid maxillary expansion increases nasal cavity volume and improves respiratory function in growing patients.

    [Journal of Clinical Medicine]

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  • Oral Breathing Effects on Malocclusions and Mandibular Posture.

    Feștilă D, Ciobotaru CD, Suciu T, Olteanu CD, Ghergie M.

    Narrative review linking oral breathing with malocclusions, altered mandibular posture, and compensatory craniofacial patterns that orthodontists frequently treat.

    [Children (MDPI)]

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  • The Effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion in Children: a Meta-Analysis.

    Santana DMC, Nogueira VS, Lima SAM, Fernandes LPA, Weber SAT.

    Shows RME expands nasal and oropharyngeal dimensions, reinforcing orthodontic intervention as part of airway health strategy.

    [Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology]

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  • Airway and Esthetics: the Breathing-Smile Connection.

    Harrell WE Jr.

    Orthodontic perspective on how airway/breathing influences facial esthetics and occlusion, advocating for airway-informed orthodontic care.

    [Orthodontic Practice US]

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  • Impact of Rapid Maxillary Expansion on Mouth-Breathing Children and Adolescents: a Systematic Review.

    Lee WC, et al.

    Comprehensive review describing how maxillary expansion impacts nasal and maxillary structures and may improve mouth breathing patterns.

    [Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry]

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  • The Effect of Mouth Breathing Versus Nasal Breathing on Dentofacial and Craniofacial Development in Orthodontic Patients.

    Harari D, Redlich M, Miri S, Hamud T, Gross M.

    Shows that chronic mouth breathing is associated with distinct dentofacial and craniofacial growth patterns compared to nasal breathing, supporting airway-guided orthodontic evaluation.

    [The Laryngoscope]

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  • Orthodontics as an Aid to the Rhinologist.

    Brusse AB.

    Early interdisciplinary paper establishing that orthodontic intervention can improve nasal airway function, demonstrating that collaboration between orthodontics and ENT was recognized as medically relevant nearly a century ago.

    Published: 1914

    [Journal of the American Dental Association]

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  • Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth and Fractures of the Maxillae.

    Angle EH.

    Foundational orthodontic text acknowledging the relationship between dental arch form, facial growth, and nasal airway, confirming that airway considerations were present at the birth of modern orthodontics.

    Published: 1907

    [Angle’s School of Orthodontia]

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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1056945/
https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2021/51249.15808
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186565
https://doi.org/10.3390/children12010072
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.12.017
https://orthopracticeus.com/the-breathing-smile-connection-the-intersection-of-airway-health-in-orthodontics/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356733980_Impact_of_rapid_maxillary_expansion_on_mouth-breathing_children_and_adolescents_A_systematic_review
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20824738/
https://archive.org/details/jada1915-1930/page/n305/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/treatmentofmaloc00angl