Pediatrics, Growth, and Airway-Centered Development
Early-life breathing and sleep patterns shape growth, behavior, learning, and craniofacial development—supporting early screening and intervention.
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A Review of 50 Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.
Guilleminault C, Korobkin R, Winkle R.
Establishes pediatric OSA as a cause of behavioral issues, enuresis, learning difficulties, and growth disturbance.
[Pediatrics (1981)]
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Nocturnal Pulse Oximetry as an Abbreviated Testing Modality for Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
Brouillette RT, et al.
Demonstrates early recognition of pediatric sleep-disordered breathing without reliance on adult criteria.
[Pediatrics (2000)]
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Symptoms of Sleep Disorders, Inattention, and Hyperactivity in Children.
Chervin RD, et al.
Links sleep-disordered breathing to ADHD-like symptoms and executive dysfunction.
[Sleep (2002)]
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Sleep-Disordered Breathing and School Performance in Children.
Gozal D.
Shows that untreated SDB negatively impacts cognitive performance and academic outcomes.
[Pediatrics (1998)]
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Neurobehavioral Morbidity Associated With Disordered Breathing During Sleep in Children.
Beebe DW.
Reviews mechanisms linking hypoxia and sleep fragmentation to neurocognitive deficits.
[Sleep (2006)]
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Growth and Growth Biomarker Changes After Adenotonsillectomy for OSA.
Bonuck K, Freeman K, Henderson J.
Demonstrates catch-up growth after treatment of pediatric airway obstruction.
[Pediatrics (2009)]
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Diagnosis and Management of Childhood Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.
Marcus CL, et al.
AAP clinical guideline establishing pediatric OSA as a medical condition requiring early identification.
[Pediatrics (2012)]
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Orthodontic Perspectives.
Pirelli P, Saponara M, Attanasio G.
Links maxillary constriction, narrow palates, and craniofacial growth to pediatric airway obstruction.
[European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry (2004)]
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Efficacy of Rapid Maxillary Expansion in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.
Villa MP, et al.
Shows orthodontic expansion improves airway function and sleep parameters.
[American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2007)]
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Primate Experiments on Oral Respiration.
Harvold EP, Vargervik K, Chierici G.
Demonstrates that nasal obstruction during growth alters craniofacial development.
[American Journal of Orthodontics (1981)]
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Adenoids: Their Effect on Mode of Breathing and Nasal Airflow.
Linder-Aronson S.
Classic work showing mouth breathing alters facial growth and dental arch development.
[Acta Otolaryngologica (1970)]
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Mouth Breathing Children: Facial Characteristics and Airway Dimensions.
Souki BQ, et al.
Links chronic mouth breathing to long, narrow faces and altered craniofacial proportions.
[Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics (2009)]
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Nocturnal Enuresis in Children With Sleep Apnea.
Weider DJ, Hauri PJ.
Demonstrates strong association between bedwetting and sleep-disordered breathing.
[American Journal of Otolaryngology (1985)]
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Enuresis in Children With Sleep Apnea.
Brooks LJ, Topol HI.
Shows resolution of enuresis following treatment of airway obstruction.
[Journal of Pediatrics (2003)]
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Otitis Media and Mouth Breathing.
Ysunza A, et al.
Links nasal obstruction and mouth breathing to recurrent otitis media and conductive hearing loss.
[International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology (2008)]
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Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome in Children.
Guilleminault C, et al.
Shows that children can have significant sleep-related breathing pathology without classic apnea.
[Chest (2004)]
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Craniofacial Morphology and Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
Katyal V, et al.
Demonstrates relationships between facial structure, airway size, and pediatric OSA risk.
[Sleep Medicine Reviews (2013)]
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A Clinical Guide to Pediatric Sleep.
Mindell JA, Owens JA.
Comprehensive clinical reference emphasizing early sleep and airway intervention.
[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2015)]
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Pediatric Airway: Early Recognition and Intervention.
Olmos S.
Outlines how pediatric airway obstruction presents as behavioral, developmental, and growth-related concerns, emphasizing early identification to prevent long-term sequelae.
[Orthodontic Practice US (2017)]
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Airway-Centered Orthodontics in the Pediatric Patient.
Olmos S.
Describes the role of orthodontic and airway evaluation in children with sleep-disordered breathing, ADHD-like symptoms, and craniofacial growth concerns.
[Orthodontic Practice US (2018)]
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7213977/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10742347/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12003157/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9504264/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16774152/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19706561/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22926173/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15366625/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17556720/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1056945/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5470042/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20567654/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4000432/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12970609/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18621430/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14769725/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23040358/
https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/solutions/ovid/a-clinical-guide-to-pediatric-sleep-2006
https://orthopracticeus.com/industry-news/pediatric-airway-early-recognition-and-intervention/